Combined application of conservative transport modelling and compound-specific carbon isotope analyses to assess in situ attenuation of benzene, toluene, and o-xylene

In recent years, compound specific isotope analyses (CSIA) have developed into one of the most powerful tools for the quantification of in situ biodegradation of organic contaminants. In this approach, the calculation of the extent of biodegradation of organic contaminants in aquifers is usually based on the Rayleigh equation, and thus neglects physical transport processes such as dispersion that contribute to contaminant dilution in aquifers. Here we combine compound specific isotope analyses with a conservative transport model to study the attenuation of aromatic hydrocarbons at a former gasworks site. The conservative transport model was first used to simulate concentration reductions caused by dilution at wells downgradient of a BTEX source. In a second step, the diluted concentrations, together with the available stable carbon isotope ratios and carbon fractionation factors for benzene, toluene and o-xylene were applied in the Rayleigh equation to quantify the degree of biodegradation at each of those wells. At the investigated site, where other attenuation processes such as sorption and volatilisation were proven to be negligible, the combined approach is recommended for benzene, which represents a compound for which the effect of biodegradation is comparable to or less than the effect of dilution. As demonstrated for toluene and o-xylene, the application of the Rayleigh equation alone is sufficient if dilution can be proved to be insignificant in comparison to biodegradation. The analysis also suggests that the source width and the position of the observation wells relative to the plume center line are significantly related to the degree of dilution.     

Accumulation and quantitative estimates of airborne lead for a wild plant (Aster subulatus)

Foliar uptake of airborne lead is one of the pathways for Pb accumulation in plant organs. However, the approximate contributions of airborne Pb to plant organs are still unclear. In the present study, aerosols (nine-stage size-segregated aerosols and total suspended particulates), a wild plant species (Aster subulatus) and the corresponding soils were collected and Pb contents and isotopic ratios in these samples were analyzed. Average concentration of Pb was 96.5 ± 63.5 ng m⁻³ in total suspended particulates (TSP) and 20.4 ± 5.5 ng m⁻³ in the fine fractions of size-segregated aerosols (SSA) (<2.1 μm), higher than that in the coarser fractions (>2.1 μm) (6.38 ± 3.71 ng m⁻³). Enrichment factors show that aerosols and soils suffered from anthropogenic inputs and the fine fractions of the size-segregated aerosols enriched more Pb than the coarse fractions. The order of Pb contents in A. subulatus was roots > leaves > stems. The linear relationship of Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) among soil, plant and aerosol samples were found. Based on the simple binary Pb isotopic model using the mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios in TSP and in SSA, the approximate contributions of airborne Pb into plant leaves were 72.2% and 65.1%, respectively, suggesting that airborne Pb is the most important source for the Pb accumulation in leaves. So the combination of Pb isotope tracing and the simple binary Pb isotope model can assess the contribution of airborne Pb into plant leaves and may be of interest for risk assessment of the exposure to airborne Pb contamination.     

Global fallout Pu recorded in lacustrine sediments in Lake Hongfeng, SW China

Studies on the distribution and isotope compositions of fallout Pu are important for source characterization of possible future non-fallout Pu contamination in aquatic environments, and useful for dating of recent sediments to understand the pollution history of environmental contaminants. We present the historical record of atmospheric Pu fallout reconstructed from a sediment core from Lake Hongfeng, China. The Pu activity profile was in agreement with the 137Cs profile. Inventories were 50.7 Bq m(-2) for 239+240Pu and 1586 Bq m(-2) for 137Cs. The average 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio was 0.185+/-0.009, indicating that Pu originated from global stratospheric fallout rather than from direct tropospheric or close-in fallout from the Chinese nuclear testing conducted in the 1970s. Our data suggested that Lake Hongfeng would be an ideal setting for monitoring atmospheric fallout and environmental changes in this region.     

建筑火灾区域模拟竖孔流动的计算

本文根据建筑火灾双层区域模拟思想，给出其常微分控制方程组，并分析了其压力求解方法，然后，运用伯努力利方程推导了相邻房间通过矩形竖孔（门或窗）的质量流率计算公式，还讨论了竖孔流动中性面产生条件。在此基础上，结合一两房间、两孔建筑中烟气运动实例，运用Ｃ．Ｗ．Ｇｅａｒ刚性稳定算法对火灾发展及烟气流动过程进行了数值模拟；给出各竖孔中性面位置、数量和各主环境之间通过竖孔的质量流率；还给出各房间气体平均温升、     

Fisher法确定稳定分类数

对Fisher法确定稳定分类数作了一些改进,提出利用β值指标来衡量分类的稳定程度,进而确定合理的分类个数。在实际应用中,证明了该方法是可行的。     

2015年冬季京津冀两次重污染天气过程气象成因

为了分析京津冀地区2015年11月27日~12月1日和12月19日~25日这2次重污染过程,从环流形势、大气稳定度条件、动力条件、水汽条件、近地层风场输送等几个方面对重污染天气的形成机制展开分析,结果表明：这2次重污染天气过程均属于静稳型,津京冀各地重度以上污染时长均超过50%.在大范围静稳形势存在时,过程一期间边界层内的垂直扩散条件较过程二偏弱,过程一期间地面辐合线位置偏北且维持不动,过程二期间辐合线位置偏南且略微南北摆动,导致了2次过程重污染区域和污染增长速率的不同.对北京而言,过程一前期降雪融化提供了有利水汽条件,弱偏南风有利于污染物和水汽的输送,混合层高度持续异常偏低（京津冀平均混合层高度339m）、过程期间伴随弱下沉运动（0~2Pa/s）、多层逆温（且厚度大）造成日变化不明显,地面辐合线在北京中部维持等多重因素,使得污染浓度极高,北京地区PM_2.5峰值浓度达593mg/m³.过程二前期采取了减排措施,能见度和PM_2.5日变化大、污染发展较过程一前期平缓;后期不利气象条件叠加污染排放,导致了PM_2.5爆发式增长,其中邢台PM_2.5峰值浓度达70mg/m³,增长率超过7.2mg/（m³·h）.     

2015年调水调沙期间黄河悬浮颗粒Pb及其稳定同位素组成变化

通过对2015年黄河调水调沙期间利津水文站悬浮泥沙以及小浪底水库表层沉积物的分析,研究了调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙中Pb元素的含量及同位素组成的变化特征,探讨了其物质来源及对调水调沙进程的响应.结果表明,调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙Pb元素含量为18.09~28.35μg/g,平均为21.64μg/g,稳定同位素²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为0.8367~0.8481,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为2.0839~2.0997,与黄土等物质较为接近.Pb含量及稳定同位素组成在调水调沙前、后期均较高,而在调水调沙中间主要时段则较低.利津站悬浮泥沙及小浪底水库沉积物中Pb同位素组成均符合黄河源Pb演化规律,但小浪底水库沉积物Pb元素含量较高,部分站位受到了人类活动的影响.调水调沙进程对该期间黄河入海泥沙Pb的变化及来源有着显著影响,在调水调沙前期和后期,水沙通量小,洪水对下游河床冲刷作用弱,Pb受到中上游沉积物来源影响,导致含量和同位素组成较高.在调水调沙中间的主要时段,利津悬浮泥沙与小浪底水库沉积物显著不同,Pb主要来自洪水对下游河床的冲刷,以自然来源为主,未受到人类活动影响.     

基于水化学和氮氧双同位素的地下水硝酸盐源解析

为定性及定量识别地下水中氮的污染来源,比例及迁移转化特征,对河北省张家口市宣化区洋河北岸主要供水区的地下水进行取样分析.基于土地利用类型,综合利用水化学分析方法耦合δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-,δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-双同位素示踪技术对研究区地下水硝酸盐污染来源,贡献率及迁移转化规律进行判断.研究结果表明：研究区氮污染以NO₃^-为主,12处采样点4次采样过程中约77%超出世界卫生组织标准（10mg/L）的限值,其污染在2018年8月（夏季）较为严重,空间浓度插值结果显示硝酸盐呈现出沿河及远岸点位浓度相对较低,中间较为稳定区域浓度较高的空间特征,并表现出不同土地利用类型上污染程度的差异性：旱地浓度最高,城镇次之.稳定同位素模型（SIAR）显示地下水硝氮污染来源中粪肥及生活污水占45.37%,土壤氮来源为41.39%,降水和化肥中NH₄⁺来源占13.24%,与研究区以城镇和耕地为主的土地利用现状较为一致.此外,同位素特征值结果显示氮的迁移转化过程以硝化作用为主.文可为地下水氮的污染来源解析提供更加精准,全面的分析方法进而为污染的防治提供优先治理建议.     

安徽铜陵铜尾矿硫形态及硫同位素分布特征

分析讨论了安徽铜陵水木冲S和SP剖面尾矿砂的理化指标、硫形态变化和硫酸根硫同位素组成与分布特征.结果显示：S和SP剖面整体呈酸性,pH值为2.59~6.12和3.50~6.27,由下而上有明显的降低趋势;Eh随剖面由下至上明显升高,范围为66~457和-37~307mV;酸可挥发性硫（AVS）含量为0~62.36和0~3.44mg/g,黄铁矿硫（CRS）含量为0.70~32.30mg/g和0.17~5.39mg/g;AVS与CRS的变化趋势基本一致,随剖面自下而上减少,且AVS先于CRS被氧化.2个剖面元素硫（ES）含量为0~8.83和0~3.62mg/g,随深度变化无明显规律.硫酸根硫（SO₄^2--S）含量为8.44~66.34和8.48~29.87mg/g,自下而上呈降低趋势,且分别在剖面的氢氧化物薄膜层（11.5~16.5cm和18~54cm）出现高值区.2个剖面总硫（TS）含量为9.18~109.69和12.38~37.72mg/g,表层由于淋滤含量较低,底层变化则不大.位于斜坡上的SP剖面TS及各形态硫含量均低于S剖面,表明淋滤对硫含量影响更明显.硫酸根硫同位素δ³⁴S为-3.32‰~13.43‰和-3.08‰~1.80‰,S-9硫酸根δ³⁴S为13.43‰,指示其来自于伴生硬石膏,其余层位δ³⁴S偏负且变幅较小,指示其硫酸根主要来源于硫化物的氧化.     

乌江梯级筑坝对河流碳酸氢根的影响机制

梯级筑坝显著改变了河流碳的生物地球化学循环。为了了解梯级筑坝对河流HCO_3~-的影响,本文对乌江中上游梯级水库的HCO_3~-浓度、溶解无机碳同位素(δ~(13)CDIC)及相关的环境参数进行了长时间跨度的分析。乌江中上游梯级水库-河流体系HCO_3~-浓度为1 42154～3 38752μmol/L,平均值为2 36321μmol/L;δ~(13)CDIC为-1066‰～-452‰,平均值为-854‰;梯级筑坝导致河流具有下游HCO_3~-浓度升高的变化趋势。河流筑坝发电,易形成峡谷型深水水库。碳同位素证据和相关性分析表明,上层的光合作用和下层的呼吸作用成为控制发电水库碳循环的主要因素。这导致HCO_3~-浓度在水库剖面上呈现出由上层至下层逐渐增高的变化规律,再加上水库底层泄水的发电方式,最终导致梯级筑坝河流下游HCO_3~-浓度逐渐升高。本研究将加深梯级筑坝对河流碳循环影响机理的理解。